Panthanjal malayalam kavitha by villoppally

കവിത: പന്തങ്ങള്‍
രചന: വൈലോപ്പിള്ളി
*********************
ചോര തുടിക്കും ചെറുകയ്യുകളേ,
പേറുക വന്നീ പന്തങ്ങള്‍
ഏറിയ തലമുറ പേറിയ പാരിന്‍
വാരൊളി മംഗള കന്തങ്ങള്‍

പണ്ട് പിതാമഹര്‍ കാട്ടിന്‍ നടുവില്‍
ചിന്തകളുരസിടുമക്കാലം
വന്നു പിറന്നിതു ചെന്നിണമോലും
വാളു കണക്കൊരു തീനാളം!

സഞ്ചിതമാകുമിരുട്ടുകളെല്ലാം
സംഭ്രമമാര്‍ന്നൊരന്നേരം
മാനവര്‍ കണ്ടാ അഗ്നി സ്മിതമതില്‍
മണ്ണിലെ വിണ്ണിന്‍ വാഗ്ദാനം

ആയിരമായിരമത്തീ ചുംബി-
ച്ചാളി വിടര്‍ന്നൊരു പന്തങ്ങള്‍
പാണിയിലേന്തിപ്പാടിപ്പാടി-
പ്പാരിലെ യുവജന വൃന്ദങ്ങള്‍
കാലപ്പെരുവഴിയൂടെ പോന്നിതു
കാണേക്കാണേക്കമനീയം!

കാടും പടലും വെണ്ണീറാക്കി-
ക്കനകക്കതിരിനു വളമേകി
കഠിനമിരുമ്പു കുഴമ്പാക്കി, പല
കരുനിര വാര്‍ത്തു പണിക്കേകി!

അറിവിന്‍ തിരികള്‍ കൊളുത്തീ, കലകള്‍ -
ക്കാവേശത്തിന്‍ ചൂടേകി.
മാലോടിഴയും മര്‍ത്യാത്മാവിനു
മാലോട്ടുയരാന്‍ ചിറകുതകി
പാരില്‍ മനുഷ്യ പുരോഗമനക്കൊടി
പാറിച്ചവയീ പന്തങ്ങള്‍ !
മെത്തിടൂമിരുളിലിതെത്ര ചമച്ചൂ
പുത്തന്‍ പുലരിച്ചന്തങ്ങള്‍

ധൃഷ്ടത കൂടുമധര്‍മ്മ ശതത്തിന്‍
പട്ടട തീര്‍ത്തൂ പന്തങ്ങള്‍ !
പാവന മംഗള ഭാവിപദത്തില്‍
പട്ടുവിരിച്ചു പന്തങ്ങള്‍
മര്‍ത്ത്യ ചരിത്രം മന്നിതിലെഴുതീ-
യിത്തുടു നാരാചാന്തങ്ങള്‍ ;

പോയ് മറവാര്‍ന്നവര്‍ ഞങ്ങള്‍ക്കേകീ,
കൈമുതലായീ പന്തങ്ങള്‍!
ഹൃദയനിണത്താല്‍ തൈലം നല്‍കി
പ്രാണമരുത്താല്‍ തെളിവേകി
മാനികള്‍ ഞങ്ങളെടുത്തു നടന്നൂ
വാനിനെ മുകരും പന്തങ്ങള്‍
ഉജ്ജ്വലമാക്കീ,യൂഴിയെ ഞങ്ങടെ-
യുജ്ജ്വല ഹൃദയ സ്പന്ദങ്ങള്‍ !
അടിമച്ചങ്ങല നീട്ടിയുടപ്പാന്‍
അഭിനവ ലോകം നിര്‍മ്മിപ്പാന്‍
ആശയ്ക്കൊത്തു തുണച്ചൂ ഞങ്ങളെ-
യാളിക്കത്തും പന്തങ്ങള്‍ !
കൂരിരുളിന്‍ വിരിമാറ് പിളര്‍ത്തീ
ചോര കുടിക്കും ദന്തങ്ങള്‍

വാങ്ങുകയായീ, ഞങ്ങള്‍ കരുത്തൊട്,
വാങ്ങുക വന്നീ പന്തങ്ങള്‍ !
എരിയും ചൂട്ടുകളേന്തിത്താരകള്‍
വരിയായ് മുകളില്‍ പോകുമ്പോള്‍
ചോര തുടിക്കും ചെറുകയ്യുകളേ,
പേറുക വന്നീ പന്തങ്ങള്‍
എണ്ണീടാത്തൊരു പുരുഷായുസ്സുകള്‍
വെണ്ണീറാകും പുകയാകും
പൊലിമയൊടെന്നും പൊങ്ങുക പുത്തന്‍
തലമുറയേന്തും പന്തങ്ങള്‍ !
കത്തിന വിരലാല്‍ ചൂണ്ടുന്നുണ്ടവ
മര്‍ത്ത്യ പുരോഗതി മാര്‍ഗ്ഗങ്ങള്‍

ഗൂഢ തടത്തില്‍ മൃഗീയത മരുവും
കാടുകളുണ്ടവ കരിയട്ടെ
വാരുറ്റോരു നവീന യുഗത്തിന്‍
വാകത്തോപ്പുകള്‍ വിരിയട്ടെ
അസ്മദനശ്വര പൈതൃകമാമീ
അഗ്നി വിടര്‍ത്തും സ്കന്ദങ്ങള്‍
ആകെയുടച്ചീടട്ടെ മന്നിലെ
നാഗപുരത്തിന്‍ ബന്ധങ്ങള്‍
ചോര തുടിക്കും ചെറു കയ്യുകളേ,
പേറുക വന്നീ പന്തങ്ങള്‍
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the cell molecular appeoch by cooper free download

officeal site for cooper 
 http://sites.sinauer.com/cooper5e/


cooper5e

Molecular Biology By Robert F. Weaver ( free download)

 Molecular Biology By Robert F. Weaver

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Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5 e free download

 Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5 e free download

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difference between Gram positive cell wall and Gram negative cell wall.

Gram Positive Cell Wall:

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick mesh-like cell wall which is made up of peptidoglycan (50-90% of cell wall), which stains purple.  Peptidoglycan is mainly a polysaccharide composed of two subunits called N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl muramic acid. As adjacent layers of peptidoglycan are formed, they are cross linked by short chains of peptides by means of a transpeptidase enzyme, resulting in the shape and rigidity of the cell wall. The thick peptidoglycan layer of Gram-positive organisms allows these organisms to retain the crystal violet-iodine complex and stains the cells as  purple.

gram positive cell wall (c) pic frm

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is another major constituent of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria which is embedded in the peptidoglycan layer.   It consists of teichoic acids which are long chains of ribitol phosphate anchored to the lipid bilayer via a glyceride. It acts as regulator of autolytic wall enzymes (muramidases: Bacterial enzymes located in the cell wall that cause disintegration of the cell following injury or death.)

Gram Negative Cell Wall:

Gram-negative bacteria have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan (10% of the cell wall) and lose the crystal violet-iodine complex during decolorization with the alcohol rinse, but retain the counter stain Safranin, thus appearing reddish or pink. They also have an additional outer membrane which contains lipids,  which is separated from the cell wall by means of  periplasmic space.

 pic(C)picamvl

what is Gram Stain Technique with animation

Aim:

  To differentiate between the two major categories of bacteria: Gram positive and Gram negative.To understand how the Gram stain reaction affects Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria based on the biochemical and structural differences of  their cell walls. 

principle :Staining is an auxiliary technique  used in microscopic techniques used to enhance the clarity of the microscopic image.Stains and dyes are widely used in the scientific field to highlight the structure of the biological  specimens, cells, tissues etc.The most widely used  staining procedure  in microbiology  is the Gram stain, discovered by  the Danish scientist and physician Hans Christian Joachim Gram in 1884. Gram staining is a differential staining technique that differentiates bacteria into  two  groups: gram-positives and gram-negatives. The procedure is based on the ability of microorganisms to retain  color of the stains  used during the  gram stain reaction. Gram-negative bacteria are decolorized by the alcohol,  losing  the  color of  the primary stain, purple. Gram-positive  bacteria  are  not  decolorized by alcohol and will remain as purple. After  the decolorization step, a counterstain is used to impart a pink color to the decolorized gram-negative organisms.

Importance of a Gram Stain:

The Gram stain is a very important preliminary step in the initial characterization  and classification of bacteria.  It is also a key procedure in the identification of bacteria based on staining characteristics, enabling the bacteria to be examined using a light microscope.  The bacteria present in an unstained smear are invisible when viewed using a light microscope. Once stained, the morphology and arrangement of the bacteria may be observed as well. Furthermore, it is also an important step in the screening of  infectious agents in clinical specimens such as direct smears from a patient.

The Gram stain procedure enables bacteria to retain color of the stains, based on the differences in the chemical and physical properties of the cell wall.

     1. Gram positive bacteria: Stain dark purple due to retaining the primary dye called Crystal Violet in the cell wall.

                           Example: Staphylococcus aureus

for more reading and animation visit : 

http://amrita.vlab.co.in/index.php?sub=3&brch=73&sim=208&cnt=1 

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Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews, Microbiology, 3rd Edition -free download

Free Download : Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews, Microbiology, 3rd Edition
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>>link 2
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Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology, 12th Edition

download (free)

he new 12th edition of Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology solidifies its reputation as the classic text in the field of microbiology. This new edition features the same comprehensive, authoritative content and adds new and updated material throughout. The team of authors includes three well-respected clinical microbiologists, all of whom have experience both in the classroom and the clinical laboratory.

NEW TO THIS EDITION
Three NEW chapters:
General Considerations and Applications of Information Provided in Bacterial Sections of Part III explains explains the criteria for organism inclusion and how it should be used.
Bacterial Identification Flow Charts and Schemes: A Guide to Part III includes gram reaction, shape, arrangement, atmosphere preferred, oxidase and catalase reactions, among other decision points for various pathogens, creating a visual method of identifying and cross referencing organisms.
Sentinel Laboratory Response to Bioterrorism
A NEW section on clinical laboratory management
More case studies help to develop critical thinking skills, with answers in an appendix.
More photos of the major organisms have been included to help in identifying different organisms.

KEY FEATURES
A respected author team consists of three well-respected clinical microbiologists, each of whom has experience both in the classroom and the clinical laboratory.
Genera and Species to be Considered highlight all of the organisms to be discussed in each chapter, including the current name of the species as well as any previous names.
Detailed hands-on procedures make the content more interesting and relevant by describing exactly what takes place in the micro lab.
Convenient, easy-to-read tables summarize key information.
A glossary of all of the terms is found at the back of the book for quick reference. - See more at: http://www.biobookshelf.com/2013/09/bailey-scotts-diagnostic-microbiology.html#sthash.zVovyqfA.dpuf

he new 12th edition of Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology solidifies its reputation as the classic text in the field of microbiology. This new edition features the same comprehensive, authoritative content and adds new and updated material throughout. The team of authors includes three well-respected clinical microbiologists, all of whom have experience both in the classroom and the clinical laboratory.

NEW TO THIS EDITION
Three NEW chapters:
General Considerations and Applications of Information Provided in Bacterial Sections of Part III explains explains the criteria for organism inclusion and how it should be used.
Bacterial Identification Flow Charts and Schemes: A Guide to Part III includes gram reaction, shape, arrangement, atmosphere preferred, oxidase and catalase reactions, among other decision points for various pathogens, creating a visual method of identifying and cross referencing organisms.
Sentinel Laboratory Response to Bioterrorism
A NEW section on clinical laboratory management
More case studies help to develop critical thinking skills, with answers in an appendix.
More photos of the major organisms have been included to help in identifying different organisms.

KEY FEATURES
A respected author team consists of three well-respected clinical microbiologists, each of whom has experience both in the classroom and the clinical laboratory.
Genera and Species to be Considered highlight all of the organisms to be discussed in each chapter, including the current name of the species as well as any previous names.
Detailed hands-on procedures make the content more interesting and relevant by describing exactly what takes place in the micro lab.
Convenient, easy-to-read tables summarize key information.
A glossary of all of the terms is found at the back of the book for quick reference. - See more at: http://www.biobookshelf.com/2013/09/bailey-scotts-diagnostic-microbiology.html#sthash.zVovyqfA.dpuf

he new 12th edition of Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology solidifies its reputation as the classic text in the field of microbiology. This new edition features the same comprehensive, authoritative content and adds new and updated material throughout. The team of authors includes three well-respected clinical microbiologists, all of whom have experience both in the classroom and the clinical laboratory.

NEW TO THIS EDITION
Three NEW chapters:
General Considerations and Applications of Information Provided in Bacterial Sections of Part III explains explains the criteria for organism inclusion and how it should be used.
Bacterial Identification Flow Charts and Schemes: A Guide to Part III includes gram reaction, shape, arrangement, atmosphere preferred, oxidase and catalase reactions, among other decision points for various pathogens, creating a visual method of identifying and cross referencing organisms.
Sentinel Laboratory Response to Bioterrorism
A NEW section on clinical laboratory management
More case studies help to develop critical thinking skills, with answers in an appendix.
More photos of the major organisms have been included to help in identifying different organisms.

KEY FEATURES
A respected author team consists of three well-respected clinical microbiologists, each of whom has experience both in the classroom and the clinical laboratory.
Genera and Species to be Considered highlight all of the organisms to be discussed in each chapter, including the current name of the species as well as any previous names.
Detailed hands-on procedures make the content more interesting and relevant by describing exactly what takes place in the micro lab.
Convenient, easy-to-read tables summarize key information.
A glossary of all of the terms is found at the back of the book for quick reference. - See more at: http://www.biobookshelf.com/2013/09/bailey-scotts-diagnostic-microbiology.html#sthash.zVovyqfA.dpuf

he new 12th edition of Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology solidifies its reputation as the classic text in the field of microbiology. This new edition features the same comprehensive, authoritative content and adds new and updated material throughout. The team of authors includes three well-respected clinical microbiologists, all of whom have experience both in the classroom and the clinical laboratory.

NEW TO THIS EDITION
Three NEW chapters:
General Considerations and Applications of Information Provided in Bacterial Sections of Part III explains explains the criteria for organism inclusion and how it should be used.
Bacterial Identification Flow Charts and Schemes: A Guide to Part III includes gram reaction, shape, arrangement, atmosphere preferred, oxidase and catalase reactions, among other decision points for various pathogens, creating a visual method of identifying and cross referencing organisms.
Sentinel Laboratory Response to Bioterrorism
A NEW section on clinical laboratory management
More case studies help to develop critical thinking skills, with answers in an appendix.
More photos of the major organisms have been included to help in identifying different organisms.

KEY FEATURES
A respected author team consists of three well-respected clinical microbiologists, each of whom has experience both in the classroom and the clinical laboratory.
Genera and Species to be Considered highlight all of the organisms to be discussed in each chapter, including the current name of the species as well as any previous names.
Detailed hands-on procedures make the content more interesting and relevant by describing exactly what takes place in the micro lab.
Convenient, easy-to-read tables summarize key information.

A glossary of all of the terms is found at the back of the book for quick reference. - See more at: http://www.biobookshelf.com/2013/09/bailey-scotts-diagnostic-microbiology.html#sthash.zVovyqfA.dpuf

he new 12th edition of Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology solidifies its reputation as the classic text in the field of microbiology. This new edition features the same comprehensive, authoritative content and adds new and updated material throughout. The team of authors includes three well-respected clinical microbiologists, all of whom have experience both in the classroom and the clinical laboratory.

NEW TO THIS EDITION
Three NEW chapters:
General Considerations and Applications of Information Provided in Bacterial Sections of Part III explains explains the criteria for organism inclusion and how it should be used.
Bacterial Identification Flow Charts and Schemes: A Guide to Part III includes gram reaction, shape, arrangement, atmosphere preferred, oxidase and catalase reactions, among other decision points for various pathogens, creating a visual method of identifying and cross referencing organisms.
Sentinel Laboratory Response to Bioterrorism
A NEW section on clinical laboratory management
More case studies help to develop critical thinking skills, with answers in an appendix.
More photos of the major organisms have been included to help in identifying different organisms.

KEY FEATURES
A respected author team consists of three well-respected clinical microbiologists, each of whom has experience both in the classroom and the clinical laboratory.
Genera and Species to be Considered highlight all of the organisms to be discussed in each chapter, including the current name of the species as well as any previous names.
Detailed hands-on procedures make the content more interesting and relevant by describing exactly what takes place in the micro lab.
Convenient, easy-to-read tables summarize key information.
A glossary of all of the terms is found at the back of the book for quick reference. - See more at: http://www.biobookshelf.com/2013/09/bailey-scotts-diagnostic-microbiology.html#sthash.zVovyqfA.dpuf

h

he new 12th edition of Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology solidifies its reputation as the classic text in the field of microbiology. This new edition features the same comprehensive, authoritative content and adds new and updated material throughout. The team of authors includes three well-respected clinical microbiologists, all of whom have experience both in the classroom and the clinical laboratory.

NEW TO THIS EDITION
Three NEW chapters:
General Considerations and Applications of Information Provided in Bacterial Sections of Part III explains explains the criteria for organism inclusion and how it should be used.
Bacterial Identification Flow Charts and Schemes: A Guide to Part III includes gram reaction, shape, arrangement, atmosphere preferred, oxidase and catalase reactions, among other decision points for various pathogens, creating a visual method of identifying and cross referencing organisms.
Sentinel Laboratory Response to Bioterrorism
A NEW section on clinical laboratory management
More case studies help to develop critical thinking skills, with answers in an appendix.
More photos of the major organisms have been included to help in identifying different organisms.

KEY FEATURES
A respected author team consists of three well-respected clinical microbiologists, each of whom has experience both in the classroom and the clinical laboratory.
Genera and Species to be Considered highlight all of the organisms to be discussed in each chapter, including the current name of the species as well as any previous names.
Detailed hands-on procedures make the content more interesting and relevant by describing exactly what takes place in the micro lab.
Convenient, easy-to-read tables summarize key information.
A glossary of all of the terms is found at the back of the book for quick reference. - See more at: http://www.biobookshelf.com/2013/09/bailey-scotts-diagnostic-microbiology.html#sthash.zVovyqfA.dpuf

e new 12th edition of Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology solidifies its reputation as the classic text in the field of microbiology. This new edition features the same comprehensive, authoritative content and adds new and updated material throughout. The team of authors includes three well-respected clinical microbiologists, all of whom have experience both in the classroom and the clinical laboratory.

NEW TO THIS EDITION
Three NEW chapters:
General Considerations and Applications of Information Provided in Bacterial Sections of Part III explains explains the criteria for organism inclusion and how it should be used.
Bacterial Identification Flow Charts and Schemes: A Guide to Part III includes gram reaction, shape, arrangement, atmosphere preferred, oxidase and catalase reactions, among other decision points for various pathogens, creating a visual method of identifying and cross referencing organisms.
Sentinel Laboratory Response to Bioterrorism
A NEW section on clinical laboratory management
More case studies help to develop critical thinking skills, with answers in an appendix.
More photos of the major organisms have been included to help in identifying different organisms.

KEY FEATURES
A respected author team consists of three well-respected clinical microbiologists, each of whom has experience both in the classroom and the clinical laboratory.
Genera and Species to be Considered highlight all of the organisms to be discussed in each chapter, including the current name of the species as well as any previous names.
Detailed hands-on procedures make the content more interesting and relevant by describing exactly what takes place in the micro lab.
Convenient, easy-to-read tables summarize key information.
A glossary of all of the terms is found at the back of the book for quick reference. - See more at: http://www.biobookshelf.com/2013/09/bailey-scotts-diagnostic-microbiology.html#sthash.zVovyqfA.dpuf

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Bubble sort algorithm in c

// Bubble sort by yeomans //
 
#include <stdio.h>
 
int main()
{
  int array[100], n, c, d, swap;
 
  printf("Enter number of elements\n"); scanf("%d", &n);
 
  printf("Enter %d integers\n", n);
 
  for (c = 0; c < n; c++) scanf("%d", &array[c]);
 
  for (c = 0 ; c < ( n - 1 ); c++)
  {
    for (d = 0 ; d < n - c - 1; d++)
    {
      if (array[d] > array[d+1]) /* For decreasing order use < */
      {
        swap       = array[d];
        array[d]   = array[d+1];
        array[d+1] = swap;
      }
    }
  }
 
  printf("Sorted list in ascending order:\n");
 
  for ( c = 0 ; c < n ; c++ )
     printf("%d\n", array[c]);
 
  return 0;
}