Conservation
of plant diversity assumes greater importance when the India is facing
Unprecedented
loss of biological diversity.As per an
estimate about 60,000 out of 2, 87,655
Species of
plants known in the world are facing the threat of extinction. 11,824 species
were
Evaluated
for their threat status as per the revised 1994 IUCN Red List Categories; of
these 8321
Species are
now on the IUCN Red List 2004 ( Govaerts 2002, IUCN 2004). Oldfield et al. (1998)
Documented
over 7300 tree species as globally threatened.
.The Botanic Gardens (BG) and other plants
conservation Centre’s in India,
Thus play a
very crucial role as Centers for rescue, recovery and rehabilitation of rare,
endangered
And extinct
prone species of plants and other valuable plant genetic resources.The BGs also play
Important
role in education and as a Centre of training in areas such as horticulture,
gardening,
Landscaping,
ex-situ conservation and environmental awareness.
Plant conservation strategy
1)Development of models with protocols for
plant conservation and sustainable use, based on research and practical
experience
2)Networks for plant conservation activities
established or strengthened at national, regional and international levels
3)Establish seed banks, arboreta and mist
propagation facilities.
4)Promote education and public awareness in
respect of above said plants ; and Reintroduce said plants in natural habitats
in collaboration with State Forest
5)The State Government’s nominated Departments
will make sufficient budgetary provision for maintenance of the Botanical
Garden/Sections during and after implementation of the project Role of
Botanical Survey of India (BSI)Division.
6)Technical inputs for collection and
propagation of species..
7)Collection of seeds and sapling of rare
plants,
8)Information for signage’s.
9)Periodical inspection, monitoring and
suggestions of midterm corrections, if required.
10)Prepare and print Handbook for each photo-geographic
zone listing most rare species.#
Source:
Indian journal of traditional knowledge vol. 8(1), January, pp 29-34
1.What is the principle behind
Ouchterlony double diffusion?
Antibodies are reasonably specific about what antigen they bind or
react to, so they can be used to distinguish Antigens (protein). The Ouchterlony
procedure is one of the several ways in which titer of an antibody can
be measured.
In this diffusion, test antigen and antibody diffuse toward each other in
a semisolid medium to a point in the medium where optimum concentration of each
is reached. A band of precipitation occurs at this point. The technique
involves cutting wells into an Agarose solidified in a Petri dish. The wells
are filled with antibody or antigen and the dish is incubated.
When homologous antigen and antibody diffuse toward each other from
the individual wells, a precipitin line will form somewhere between the two
wells. Precipitation occurs because the antigen is multivalent i.e., has
several antigenic determinants per molecule to which antibodies can bind.
Antibodies have at least two antigen binding sites, thus large aggregates or
lattices of antigen and antibody are formed.
Precipitation/cross-linking will not occur if excess antigen is
present or if excess antibody is present. Cross-linking and lattice formation
will only occur when antigen and antibody concentrations are optimal. An
increasing amount of antigen is added to a constant amount of antibody in
solution. This is called the antibody-excess zone (Prozone phenomenon).
As more antigen is added, the amount of protein precipitated increases
until the antigen/antibody molecules are at an optimal ratio. This is known as
the equivalence zone or equivalence point. When the amount of antigen in
solution exceeds the amount of antibody, the amount of precipitation will
decrease. This is known as the antigen excess zone.
2.Trace the historical experimental
background for the technique.
Örjan Thomas Gunnarson Ouchterlony, a Swedish
bacteriologist who was born 1914 in Göteborg (Gothenburg), developed a double
immunodiffusion technique in 1948 that, when used in forensics, determines
whether a bloodstain is human or animal. This technique is commonly called
Ouchterlony double gel diffusion test, which refers to Ouchterlony's critical
analysis in 1968 in his Handbook of Immunodiffusion and
Immunoelectrophoresis. Another synonym employed is the agar gel
immunodiffusion test, AGID.
3.What is assay buffer? What are its
components and function?
Assay buffer is a buffered protein and detergent
solution intended for use in dissociation- enhanced time resolved
fluoroimmunoassays (DELFIA) that include Eu/Sm/Tb labeled Antibodies or
Antigens.
Components
·It is a Tris-HCl buffered NaCl solution (pH 7.8) containing
< 0.1% NaN3 (Sodium azide), Bovine
serum albumin (BSA), Bovine Gamma Globulins, Tween 40,
Diethylenetriaminepentaaceticacid (DTPA) and an inert red dye.
Functions
·It is optimized to give a
minimum non-specific background in solid phase assays.
·It is meant for use as a
diluent for Eu/Sm/Tb labeled compounds.
4.Why is agarose used as a base to
study this interaction?
Agarose is
obtained by purification of the agar .Agarose is an ideal gel matrix for
diffusion and electrokinetic movement of biopolymers, and its gel is an
anti-convection medium, which is biologically inert and with controlled ionic
properties. Precipitaion lines can be seen easily through agar.
The agarose
component of agar is composed of repeating molecules of galactopyranose and
side groups that protrude from these are arranged such that two adjacent chains
can associate to form a helix. The chains wrap together so tightly that water
can be trapped inside the helix. As more and more helices are formed and become
cross-linked, a three-dimensional network of water-containing helices is
created. The entire structure has no net charge. Thus, agarose is widely used
in immunology.
5.What are the 2 methods of getting
serially diluted samples? Which is a better scientific approach?
.
a.
In a single serial dilution assay, each dilution is tested once. In a virus
heamagglutination inhibition test, the highest dilution that prevents
agglutination of erythrocytes on a test plate is the antibody’s
haemagglutination inhibition titre. This type of titration which tests only
dilution intervals actually divides the dilutions into blocks. The blocking is more marked when titre are
expressed as’ less than’ or ‘greater than’. The data therefore are essentially
ordinal.
b. In
a multiple serial dilution assay, each dilution is tested several (preferably at least 5) times. The objective is to
achieve a ‘strong’ measure. The end point is the dilution of a substance at
which a specified no. of members of a test group shows a defined effect, such
as death or disease. So this is a better
scientific approach.
Both techniques utilize geometric
dilutions, the range of dilutions depending on the sensitivity of the test.
Sensitivity here refers to the ability of the system to detect the amounts of
antigen and antibody.
6.Why is it necessary to maintain
humidity in the chamber during incubation?
This will prevent the gel from getting dried up there by allowing the
proper diffusion of antigen and antibodies.
7.Can you think of at least 5
applications for this technique in diagnostics, labs, industry or research?
ØApplication
of Immunodiffusion Methods to the Antigenic Analysis of Dengue Viruses.
ØUse of double
immuno-diffusion (Ouchterlony) test for the diagnosis of swine vesicular
disease.
ØOuchterlony
double diffusion is used in the production of the monoclonal antibody to
Streptococcal Group B Carbohydrate.
ØPurification
and biochemical characterization of hepatic ferredoxin (hepatoredoxin) from
bovine liver mitochondria using Ouchterlony double diffusion.
ØUsed as a
chemical method for identification of blood in forensic science.
8.Reference 2 papers where this
technique was used and add a note on why this was used in the paper. Provide
the experimental data from those papers.
a.
Serogroups of Erwinia carotovora Potato Strains Determined with Diffusible Somatic Antigens
Cast: Unni
Mukundan, Nithya Menon, Sweta Menon, Suraj Venjaramoodu, Siddique,
Baburaj, Manianpilla Raju, K. P. A. C Lalitha, Devi Chandana
Producer:
Director: T. K. Rajiv Kumar
Music Director: സരത്
തത്സമയം ഒരു പെണ്കുട്ടി ,കുറച്ചു പ്രശ്നജല് ഒയിച്ചാല് കണ്ടു എരികവുന ഒരു പടം ആണ് തത്സമയം .ടി.k .രാജീവ് കുമാര് ഒരു നല്ല സംവിധായകന് യീന്ന നിലയില് അദ്ധീഹം വിജയിച്ചു .എനാല് രാജീവെന്ട കഴിവ് ആനിസരിച്ചു സിനിമ ആയില എന്തു പറയാത്ത വയ്യ .സിനിമ പാട്ടുകള് നിലവാരം പുലര്ത്തി ചാനെല് സംസ്കാരത്തിന ചോടിയം ചിയുക ആണ് സിനിമ 100 % entertainer ആണ് . ഇനി സിനിമയ പട്ടി
സിനിമഉട തല വാചകം കനികുംപോള് ഉള്ള ചായ കട രംഗം salt ന pepper എന സിനിമ ഉട indrodution കിട്ടിയ പ്രക്ഷക പ്രശംസ അനുകരിക്കാന് നോകിയ താനോ ഏന് തോണി പോകുന്നു എനാലും അതെ ആരാധകന ഇഷ്ട പടുതുനു .
പെനിട് സിനിമ കൊട് പോകുന്ന ഓരോ രംഗവും അകംശയും രസവും ഉണര്ത്തുന്നു .
സമുഹത്തില എല്ലാ അനിതികും എതിര സിനിമ camera zoom ചയിഉനു .എനാല് vilapill shala മാലിന്യ പ്രശ്നം പകുട്ടിക് നിര്ത്തി കഥയ പുതിയ വായിതിരുവിളക് കൊടുവ്നഹു സിനിമയ രണ്ടാം പകുട്ടി ആരാധകന പിടിച്ചുഎരിതുനു .
എനാല് രണ്ടാം പകുതി നനകുനത്തില് സിനിമ യുട അണിയറ പ്രവര്തകര്ക് കയിഞ്ഞില്ല .തിരകഥ രണ്ടാം പകുതി ദുര്ബലം ആയി .
അഭിനയത പാതി രണ്ടു വാക്
നായികാ നിത്യ മേനോന് നനായി അഭിനയിച്ചു പക്ഷ climax എലേല് അഭിനയം മതിയക്ട പോയി
നായികാ തുല്യ പ്രദയം ഉള്ള റോള് ചിത സ്വത മേനോന്നും നന്നായി അഭിനയിച്ചു
. നായകന പട്ടി പരുക അനന്കില് പോര അഭിനയന് .ചാനെല് c .ഇ.ഓ ആയി തിളങ്ജനും ക്ലിമക്ഷെല് ഒരു നല്ല വില്ലന് ആകാനും siddiqueഉ കയിഞ്ഞു ചാനെല് producer ആയി തിളങ്ജന് ബാബുരാജഏന് കയിഞ്ഞു .
പെനിട് എട് തു പറയണ്ടത് സുരജേന പട്ടി ആണ് വലിപേ ആയി പോയി .ത്യലോഗ് റിപീറ്റ് ആയി വരുനത് അല്ലവസരം ഉണ്ടാകി .കോമഡി സ്റ്റാര് എല actors അവരുട റോള് നനകി .അച്ഛന് ആയി അഭിനയിച്ച മണിയന് പിള്ള രാജു നനായി ആ റോള് ചിത് ടിനി ടോം തുടഞ്ഞിയ എല്ലാ തരജലും കല്കി .
സിനിമ മൊത്തത്തില് കണ്ടിരികം.
ഗുഡ് not bad ,entertainer
ഇതു എന്താ സിനിമ വിലയിരുത്തല് ആണ് ഇതു നെഞ്ഞല്ക് എങ്ങനാ ആണ് തോന്നുക ഏന് എനികരിയില ഇതു ആരും വിമര്ശിക്കാന് അല്ല എന്താ അഭിപ്രായം പറഞ്ഴു എന ഉള്ളു .
Determination
of the blood group of the subject by ABO system and rhesus system.(Identify the unknown "blood types" of the synthetic
samples).
PRINCIPLE:
Binding of antigens to antibodies is
mediated by non-covalent bonds. The kinds of bonds that hold the antigen and
antibody together in this complex are the same ones that are generally involved
in producing the tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins, namely, ionic
bonds, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals forces.
Interactions between antigen and
antibody involve non-covalent binding of an antigenic determinant (epitope) to
the variable region (complementarity determining region, CDR) of both the heavy
and light immunoglobulin chains. These interactions are analogous to those
observed in enzyme-substrate interactions and they can be defined similarly. To
describe the strength of the antigen-antibody interaction, one can define the
affinity constant (K) as shown:
Affinity K= [Ab–Lg]
‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
[Ab][Lg]
= 104 to 1012
L/mol
Greater the K, the stronger the
affinity between antigen and antibody. These interactions are the result of
complementarity in shapes, hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds and Van der
Waals forces.
Antibodies are also used to help
our bodies find and destroy "foreign" cells such as tumors. Because
antibodies bind tightly to only one type of structure on the surface of cells
(antigen), they can also be useful for identifying different types of blood
cells.
Our blood type is determined based
on the presence or absence of two proteins on the surface of our red blood
cells (Type A and Type B). There are four possible combinations of blood types
namely: Type A, Type B, Type AB, and Type O (contains neither A nor B
proteins). This is referred to as the ABO blood type. In addition, red blood
cells have a Rhesus factor or Rh, which is either present or absent. If the Rh
factor is present, the cells are referred to as Rh positive.
Blood group depends upon types of
antigen present or absent in the blood.There are four types of blood groups
.Type of blood group depends on presents or absent of rhesus factor in blood
cells When antibodies are mixed with their corresponding antigens on the
surface of large, easily sedimented particles such as animal cells, erythrocytes,
or bacteria, the antibodies cross-link the particles, forming visible
clumps. This reaction is termed agglutination.
Blood types are determined by using antibody
reagents that specifically react with the A, B, and Rh proteins on the surface
of red blood cells.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Slide, lancet, toothpick, cotton.
Reagents : Anti-serum A, Anti-serum B, and
Anti-serum D, alcohol.
PROTOCOL :
1. Take a
slide and label A, B and D. 2. Spray
the left “ring “ finger with ethanol or
wipe it with an alcohol wiper and let it air dry. 3. Take a
sterile lancet and puncture the
fingertip. 4. Press
the finger from top to bottom and put
the blood drops on the slide. 5. Add a
drop of anti-serum A, B and D to the blood drops. 6. Mix
the antisera in with the blood using a separate toothpick.Place toothpicks in the biohazard waste. 7. After
several minutes, observe agglutination and determine the blood type.
