1628: Harvey discovered blood
circulation
1667: French philosopher Dennis and
surgeon Murrays tried the first time to transfer 150ml lamb blood to human
being.
1819: Blundell completed blood
transfusion from one person to another person for the first time in history.
1900: Austrian scholar Karl Landsteiner
began to work on this topic since
1930: Karl Landsteiner win the Nobel
Prize on human blood group
History And Experiment of Human Blood
Group:
In 1900s the great
Austrian biologist and physician Karl Landsteiner found that no aggregation phenomenon could
be found when he put his own erythrocyte and blood serum together in a test tube.
This is the turning point in his scientific life. Karl Landsteiner doing an experiment on the basis
of no aggregation phenomenon. He mixed together erythrocyte and blood serum sourced
from different individuals, that shows might be aggregation or no aggregation. This
phenomenon was once observed by many people, but he was the only person who
gave it an explanation. Erythrocyte has two kinds of specific structures that
may exist alone or together. In 1901 he found that this effect was due
to contact of blood with bloodserum. As a result he
succeeded in identifying the three blood groups A, B and O, which he labeled C,
of human blood. Landsteiner also found out that blood transfusion between persons with
the same blood group did not lead to the destruction of blood cells, whereas
this occurred between persons of different blood groups. Based on his
findings. Blood
serum has the antibody called agglutinin of specific structure in erythrocyte,
when agglutinin meets with the specific structure in erythrocyte, aggregation
will happen, which might be very dangerous when a person is on process of blood
transfusion.
1907 the first successful blood transfusion was performed by Reuben Ottenberg at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York. Today it is well
known that persons with blood group AB can accept donations of the other blood
groups, and that persons with blood group O can donate to all other groups.
Individuals with blood group AB are referred to as universal recipients and those with blood group O are known as universal donors. These
donor-recipient relationships arise due to the fact that persons with AB do not
form antibodies against either blood group A or B. Further, because type O
blood possesses neither characteristic A nor B, the immune systems of persons with
blood group AB do not refuse the donation. In today’s blood transfusions only
concentrates of red blood cells without serum are
transmitted, which is of great importance in surgical practice.
Then
he drew the conclusion. Human blood group is genetic. His theory has placed a foundation
for blood transfusion.
Since
blood transfusion attempts in the past always were confronted with failure,
therefore common physicians restricted themselves from this field; still, a
large number of scientists were carrying on various experiments relating to
blood transfusion. Dramatically, the breaking-out of World War I became the
event with great impetus driving the development of blood transfusion. Due to
the urgent need of save the life of the wounded by war, large quantity of blood
transfusion became an effective way to drive the wounded back from death.
Doctor Oldenburg first applied aggregation reaction to blood matching test
before blooding transfusion, and blood transfusion between human was only
possible when no aggregation could be found when erythrocyte and blood serum
were mixed together; this method gained great success and saved a great number
of the wounded life. With continuous experiments and practices relating to
blood transfusion in the following years, blood transfusion became safe; when
time went to the end of 1920s, blood confusion turned a popular medical
treatment in big cities in Europe and North America. 1930 Landsteiner was
awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in recognition of
these achievements. For his pioneering work, he is recognised as the father of
transfusion medicine
Reference
http://www.wikipipidiya.com/karl Landsteiner
http://www.schule-bw.de/unterricht/faecher/englisch/bilingual/subjects/biology/blood/bloodlab.pdf
Images: http://www.biologycorner.com/anatomy/blood/notes_bloodtype.html
2003 Blackwell
Publishing Ltd,British
Journal of Hematology, 2003, 121,
556–565
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